ABSTRACT
Student's t test (t test), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) are statistical methods used in the testing of hypothesis for comparison of means between the groups. The Student's t test is used to compare the means between two groups, whereas ANOVA is used to compare the means among three or more groups. In ANOVA, first gets a common P value. A significant P value of the ANOVA test indicates for at least one pair, between which the mean difference was statistically significant. To identify that significant pair(s), we use multiple comparisons. In ANOVA, when using one categorical independent variable, it is called one-way ANOVA, whereas for two categorical independent variables, it is called two-way ANOVA. When using at least one covariate to adjust with dependent variable, ANOVA becomes ANCOVA. When the size of the sample is small, mean is very much affected by the outliers, so it is necessary to keep sufficient sample size while using these methods.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the standardof care for Gall Stone diseases. Conventionally monopolarenergy source is used for dissection of cystic artery and ductand dissection of Gall Bladder from GB fossa. There arehigh risk of thermal injury and biliary complications, morevisceral and solid organ injury due to frequent exchange ofinstruments. All these factors lead to increased operating timeand complications. The use of harmonic assisted laparoscopiccholecystectomy has decreased the operating time andcomplications. The objective of this study was to compareHarmonic assisted Laparoscopic cholecystectomy withconventional monopolar energy.Material and Methods:- This prospective study was carriedout on 158 patients which were randomly assigned toeither group. Total 75 patients were present in conventionalmonopolar assisted LC and 83 patients in Harmonic assistedLC.Result: This study reveals that in harmonic assistedLaparoscopic cholecystectomy time taken for surgery is less,minimal thermal dispersion of energy, reduced requirements ofanalgesics, reduced incidence of bleeding and GB perforation.Conclusion: Harmonic Assisted LaparoscopicCholecystectomy advantage over Conventional MonopolarAssisted Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy with respectto operating time, postoperative pain, and perioperativecomplications. Thus its use should be advocated whereFacilities are available
ABSTRACT
Perforation of peptic ulcers, more specifically; ulcers of the first part of the duodenum carry mortality up to 11 %, with a higher mortality seen in patients over the age of 50 years. Main symptoms are acute onset abdominal pain and vomiting. Guarding & rigidity is present on examination. Conventional X-ray abdomen standing is the first investigation, which shows free gas under diaphragm. MDCT scan is required for identifying the presence, site and cause of gastrointestinal tract perforation. Early diagnosis and treatment is mandatory as it is a grave emergency condition.